Global Norms and Local Resistance: The Concentration of LGBTQ+ Groups in Three Southern Thai Border Provinces

Abstract

In the three border provinces of Pattani, Yala, and Narathiwat in southern Thailand, where most of the population is Malay Muslim with strong religious and cultural beliefs, this study examines the dynamics of acceptance and rejection of international conventions regarding the rights of LGBTQ+ individuals.  Despite Thailand's notable advancements in LGBTQ+ rights, including the enactment of the Equal Marriage Act in 2024, research indicates that the three border provinces of Southern Thailand face substantial obstacles in implementing this law because of stringent religious and cultural standards.  To obtain some acceptance, LGBTQ+ groups in the area are employing adaptation techniques like social media use, creating support systems, and highlighting Islamic principles like "Rahmah" (compassion). However, many LGBTQ+ members decide not to publicly reveal their identities due to severe opposition from religious and community leaders.  The intricacy of the interplay between local and global norms is examined in this study, along with the function of players like community organizations and social media influencers in mediating the dispute.  The results offer valuable insights into the difficulties LGBTQ+ individuals have in conservative-value-dominated communities, as well as suggestions for future inclusive legislation.