Green human resources management application to enhance environmental performance in Hotel Le Morgane, France

: This study aimed to determine the application of green human resource management at Hotel Le Morgane, France, and to analyze the hotel's environmental performance through the application of green human resource management. The method used is descriptive statistics by distributing questionnaires to 42 employees. Data collection methods used in this study were observation, a document study, a literature study, interviews, and questionnaires. The results of study indicate that green human resources application at Hotel Le Morgane starts with Green Recruitment and Selection, Green Training and Development, Green Performance Assessment, and Green Reward and Compensation. The hotel needs to pay attention to environmental performance indicators in practices carried out by human resources.


Introduction
Understanding environmental sustainability is one of the solutions to reduce the effects of global warming.Environmentally sustainable is the quality of not being harmful to the environment or depleting natural resources, and thereby supporting longterm ecological balance.In order to improve environmental performance in the tourism industry, especially the hospitality industry, companies need qualified human resources to train and manage their employees to support the environment.The literature indicates that green human resources management (GHRM) represents the environmental management aspect of human resources management (HRM) by focusing on the role of HRM in preventing pollution through an organization's operational processes.(Renwick et al., 2013).
In this case, the hotel industry needs Green Human Resources (GHR) as a key to environmental management because HRM plays a crucial role in achieving the organisation's environmental goals (Umrani et al., 2020).In the hotel industry, green practice to support a sustainable environment includes saving energy and water, managing waste, and educating guests and employees about the environment (Rahman et al., 2012).However, as time goes by, the quality of the environmental performance in the hotel still needs some improvement to support the environment.
Hotel Le Morgane is one of the hotels in France that obtained the European Ecolabel and the Green Globe certification.In 2010, the hotel was an eco-responsibility one.This hotel's market is international, mainly tourists from England, Switzerland, and Italy.They come to ski, and the hotel is located near tourists attraction and offers a room's view of Mont Blanc and Brevent.The hotel gives the training program continuously at the beginning of the new season to their employee to gain knowledge about the environment.This result is in line with their goal of running a business that offers a unique experience while facing environmental sustainability challenges and social responsibility towards society.Today most consumers look for companies which adopt environmental standards (Cherian & Jacob, 2012).As a green hotel, Hotel Le Morgane must maintain its label to run the hotel as green as possible.In this case, the hospitali-ty industry requires Green Human Resources as the key to environmental management because HRM has a vital role in achieving organizational environmental goals (Umrani et al., 2020).

Methodology
This research was conducted in Hotel Le Morgane, France.This hotel is a 4-star hotel under Temmos Group.This research was conducted for five months, from March to July 2022.Hotel Le Morgane was chosen as the location of this research because this hotel has never done any research about green human resources management to enhance environmental performance.
Data collection methods were observation, a document study, literature review, interview and questionnaires.The method used for this research was a descriptive statistic by distributing questionnaires to 42 employees.The questionnaire consists of 32 questions in English and French with four indicators of Green Human Resources Management and eight indicators of Environmental Performances, as described in Table 1.

Green Reward and Compensation
Hotel Le Morgane give reward and compensation to their employees for their commitment to environmental practices.

Application of Green Human Resources Management
In this research, validity test is used to determine whether each item in the instrument is valid or not.The R-table of 42 respondents is 0,304 using significance level of 0,05.The statement can be said to be a valid statement if the R-value is greater than the R-table.The questionnaire result shows that all statements have an R-value of more than 0,304 (R-Table ), so all statements are valid.
After the validity test, the reliabity test is done.The instrument is reliable if the Cronbach Alpha value is more significant than 0.60.According to Sugiyono (2017), if the Cronbach Alpha is less than 0.60, the instrument is considered not reliable.The reliability test results in Table 4 show that each variable has a Cronbach's Alpha value greater than 0.60.So, the data in this study are reliable.
The questionnaire was shared with 42 employees in Hotel Le Morgane regarding simple descriptive statistics.The data was collected online by google form.To analyze the results of the questionnaires, the data was processed and counted with the following formula: Percentage "Yes" answer = "Yes" answer x 100% If the answer is "Yes" will be given score 1, and if the answer is "No" will be given score 0. Based on Arikunto (Arikunto, 2016) the result of the score will be classified in 5 criteria as follows: 1. 81-100% = Very appropriate 2. 61-80% = Appropriate 3. 41-60% = Appropriate Enough 4. 21-40% = Less Appropriate 5. 0-20% = Inappropriate

Green Recruitment and Selection
Hotel Le Morgane hired new employees every season, both winter and summer.The recruitment system starts with interviewing the candidate.The new employee will be interviewed directly by the department.The Green Recruitment and Selection includes the interview question and the hotel's green practices.The interview is about why the employee is interested and motivated to perform recycling, reduce waste, and reduce resource consumption.This data is already processed; the result can be seen in Table 5. Hotel Le Morgane also provides apartments for their employees that are located near the hotel for free and puts this benefit on its job vacancy brochure to attract the candidate to apply for the job in the hotel.In green recruitment and selection, applications are invited via online mediums such as email, online application forms or global talent pools.Where possible, telephone or video-based interviews are conducted to minimize the environmental impact associated with the trip (Saini & Shukla, 2016).The candidates will be informed by email to their email address, and the applicant and the hotel management will decide on the interview date.The interview was done by telephone with the candidates and interviewed directly by the head of the department.

Green Training and Development
Every season the hotel hires new employees.In this case, the hotel always gives the manager a training program that is not only to develop and gain knowledge about the business but also all environmental issues, both locally and globally, caused by hotel businesses.The company gave Training and Development to the manager and the supervisor as a leader of the department and leader of the section, and all employees through their manager in every department.This training and development were carried out directly to employees by improving their performance and providing knowledge during work.For the new employees, the supervisor will pay attention and teach green practices by teaching how to process waste and work efficiently by paying attention to energy consumption, such as saving water and electricity.The hotel had a reminder on the wall on every side of the hotel, such as a restaurant, kitchen, swimming pool, laundry, toilets, and many other places.This reminder has a function to remind the employees to turn off the lights if they are not using them, turn off the computer, and reduce water consumption.The manager, who is the department's leader, will give instructions for what things can be done and what things are prohibited in their department regarding environmental concerns.The supervisor in the section will do the same thing to all employees and control more during the work.The housekeeping department uses many chemicals to clean the hotel area.The hotel management placed the waste chemical reminder to give the knowledge and reminder to reduce the use of the chemical in the housekeeping department.

Green Performance Assessment
Performance assessment significantly enhances employees' motivation toward organizations eco-initiatives (Jabbar & Abid, 2015).In order to know more about the application of Green Performance Assessment at the hotel, Table 7 is the result of the questionnaire.Hotel Le Morgane identifies the strengths and weaknesses of its employees concerning its activities that care about the environment.Each department leader exercises this authority to see an increase in environmental care activities carried out by employees.Briefings are held every morning before starting work and in the afternoon or evening after finishing work by discussing what needs to be improved, what needs more attention to protect the environment, and what is the solution for the problem.

Green Reward and Green Compensation
Some company's employees are financially rewarded by giving the incentives, bonuses, cash etc., for their good environmental performance.In some other compa-nies, employees are non-financially rewarded (awards/special recognitions/honors/prizes) for their good environmental performance (Arulrajah, 2015).Table 8 shows the low percentage in every environmental performance indicator through Green Reward and Compensation.All of the statements are under 50 percent and Appropriate criteria.This result means Hotel Le Morgane needs to implement the Green Reward and Compensation better.Rewards can be in the form of monetarybased environmental management rewards (e.g.bonuses, cash, premiums), nonmonetary-based rewards (e.g.sabbaticals, leave, rewards), recognition-based environmental management rewards (e.g.awards, dinners, publicity, roles external and daily praise), and positive environmental management rewards e.g.feedback (Opatha, 2013).In Hotel Le Morgane, rewards and compensation are given more for the employee's ability and accomplishment than for the employee who does the green practice.The hotel management often gives recognition-based rewards such as dinners to the employees who have accomplished making the hotel's service run better.Accomplishments are often given to hotel staff who perform well, such as sorting waste according to its type, utilizing used paper, providing ideas for reducing waste in hotels, and other green practices.

Enhancing Hotel Environmental Performance through Green Human Resources Management
In the environmental criteria on recruitment and selection process, employee motivation for environmental efforts appears to be the most important driver for their commitment to environmental performance (Pham & Paillé, 2020).The motivation of the candidates will be seen in the interview process.Even if Hotel Le Morgane did the interview based on the environmental aspect, it has to be more specific and detailed with the interview questions to ensure that the candidates are motivated to reduce environmental incidents.
In the environmental criteria on training and development to the employees, all staff should be engaged from top management to frontline employees in addressing environmental issues (Jabbar & Abid, 2015).Providing environmental training to the organizational members (non-managerial employees and managers) to develop required skills and knowledge is an important function of Green Human Resources Management (Arulrajah, 2015).This result means the training and development program should be held for all employees, not only the managers but also all the hotel's staff.
In the environmental criteria on performance assessment to the employees, according to Jabbar & Abid (2015), to keep employees motivated towards managing an organization's environment, it is important that the way employee performance is assessed.Based on Arulrajah (2015), employee green performance evaluation should be conducted separately or at least as part of an organization's performance evaluation system and employee green performance measurement criteria should be carefully aligned with the organization's environmental performance criteria.
In the environmental criteria on reward and compensation to the employees, the availability of financial and non-financial rewards in the organization sends strong signals to employees that pro-environmental behaviors are encouraged, appreciated, and rewarded (Ari et al., 2020).According to Yousaf et al (2014), the financial rewards include pay, bonuses, allowances, insurance, incentives, promotions and job security, whereas the non financial rewards include appreciation, meeting the new challenges, and caring attitude from employer, appreciation and recognition motivates the employee.In fact, Hotel Le Morgane only gave rewards and compensation for the employee's ability and accomplishment in general and not for the employee that do the practice that supports environment.According to (Jabbar & Abid, 2015) organizations can use green reward management practices through linking participation in green initiatives with promotion or career advancement by providing incentives to encourage environmentally friendly practices such as recycling and waste management.Communication of green schemes, performance indicators and standards to all levels of staff through performance evaluation system and establishing firm-wide dialogue on green matters are also needed to materialize targeted environmental performance (Renwick et al., 2013).
The hotel management must pay attention to the environmental performance indicator that the hotel should improve to enhance environmental performance such as: a. Significant Reduction in Environmental Incidents Environmental incidents are incidents of the entry of toxic and hazardous substances into the air, water, soil, and other environmental media as a result of pollutant discharge, natural disasters, production safety accidents, and other problems, which cause a sudden decline in environmental quality (Cao et al., 2018).Environmental risk refers to the possibility of environmental pollution events caused by natural causes or human activities (Du et al., 2020).This result means employees take a vital role in reducing environmental incidents.Once employees become concerned about the environment, they are likely to become environmentally responsible and contribute to the organization's environmental performance (Umrani et al., 2020).There will be less waste of time and effort means that there will be less supervision because a welltrained employee will not cause a serious accident (Abogsesa & Kaushik, 2017).b.Continuous Improvement In literature, employees' eco-friendly behavior is considered as the key to achieving environmental performance (Umrani et al., 2020).Based on Okumus et al., 2019 it assumed that employee-related factors toward ecological behavior include three items: environmental knowledge, environmental awareness, and environmental concern.It illustrated the relationship between three items: environmental knowledge, environmental awareness, and environmental concern and employees' intentions to implement green practices in the hotel industry.It can conclude that environmental knowledge, awareness, and concern can influence employees' intentions to implement green practices in the hotel.c.Recycling Performance In France, according to the collection system implemented by local authorities (which usually have legal responsibility for the management of household waste collection and treatment services), different packaging waste materials can be collected via three main methods: (1) bi flow (consisting of a glass and multi material), (2) tri flow (represented by glass, multi material packaging, and newspaper/magazine flow), (3) corps creux/corps plat (represented by tri flow which is composed of flowing glass, paper/cardboard, and newspapers/magazines, and a third stream of metal and plastic packaging) (Cabral et al., 2013).

d. Stakeholder Perception
Stakeholders are the main drivers of environmental performance (Mensah, 2014).Community influence has recently become necessary as a source of pressure on companies as people are increasingly informed about the environment.Communities provide social legitimacy by 'moving public sentiment, changing accepted norms and changing people's perceptions' (Kramar, 2014).Another improvement that the hotel should make is that the selection and recruitment process as the starting line to choosing the human resources have to search the applicant that motivated to know the stakeholder roles in enhancing environmental performance in the hotel.Once the applicant is chosen as the employee, they must gain more knowledge about the stakeholder perception.e.Independent Audit and Report of Environmental Performance In Hotel Le Morgane, the environmental performance report needs to be optimally implemented.The hotel does not count how much waste affects the environment.Otherwise, to protect the environment and reduce environmental incidents, the hotel should have an environmental performance report to enhance the hotel's environmental performance.According to Jiang et al., (2012), metrics must be defined for environmental performance to evaluate the environmental impact associated with manufacturing processes.Once these metrics are in place and environmental performance has been assessed for all operations in the process plan, the decision maker must then look at the overall environmental performance (for all operations in the process plan and all inter-est environmental measures) and identify what actions to take.f.Waste Reduction and Resource Consumption Effective waste reduction management brings direct benefits (e.g.financial gains through waste minimization, cost savings through recycling) and indirect benefits (e.g.improved corporate image, positive eco-conscious customer responses, local government support) to hotels (Singh et al., 2014).Energy efficiency is described as the improvement in practices and products that allow more to be done with less energy.It reduces the energy necessary to provide energy services like lighting, cooling, heating, cooking etc., without compromising the quality of the services, thereby leading to the conservation of available energy resources (Oluseyi et al., 2016).g.Cost Saving The cost savings due to environmental projects and activities have an extensive relationship with reducing waste and resource consumption.Energy efficiency measures have the prospect of promoting economic development and saving personal income (Oluseyi et al., 2016).To improve the hotel's environmental performance, Hotel Le Morgane must manage and optimize the reduction of waste and resource consumption.According to Yildiz Çankaya & Sezen (2019), choosing the right supplier significantly affects realizing a company's environmental goals.The other way to save costs is by applying cost management in the hotel.According to Sevima & Korkmazb, (2013), cost management can be listed such as determining the cost of goods as far as possible with cost factors, evaluating the life cycle performance of goods or services, realizing and evaluating processes and activities accurately, determining the efficiency and productivity of activities, controlling and managing costs, facilitating performance evaluation, and supporting strategy implementation organization.

Conclusions
Green Human Resources Management at Hotel Le Morgane has yet to be applied optimally.Green Recruitment and candidates are invited through online media such as email and online application forms.Telephone interviews were conducted to minimize the environmental impact associated with the trip.Interviews discussed how employees are interested and motivated to perform recycling, reduce waste, and reduce resource consumption.Hotel Green Training and Development provides training program managers to develop and gain knowledge about the business and the environment posed by the hotel business.The application of the Green Performance Assessment at Hotel Le Morgane is in the form of directions, suggestions, and feedback from the management to the employees at the hotel.The application of Green Reward and Compensation at Hotel Le Morgane is in the form of non-financial rewards in the form of achievements given to people who carry out green practices.
To improve environmental performance, Hotel Le Morgane has to improve several practices due to environmental performance.Hotel management must pay attention to environmental performance indicators such as recycling, reducing waste, reducing incidents that damage the environment, stakeholder perceptions and cost savings, independent audits, environmental performance reports, and resource consumption through human resource practices.

(Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Recycle-able waste reminder (left-up), energy, water, waste reminder (right-up), carton folding machine (left-center), chemical products reminder (right-center), different trash can for different waste (bottom) and compensation to the employees for their commitment to do significant reduction in costs due to environmental projects and activities48Appropriate enough

Table 1 .
Green Human Resources Management Measures Selecting and recruiting employees in Hotel Le Morgane who are supportive and interested in the environment.Selecting and recruiting employees in Hotel Le Morgane who are supportive and interested in the environment or in the other word recruitment must include environmental criteria.In the job analysis phase, job descriptions and individual specifications should explain and emphasize environmental aspects, green achievements and explain what is expected of green employees in the future.

Table 2 .
Environmental Performance Measures

Table 5 .
Result of The Questionnaire of Green Recruitment and Selection Hotel Le Morgane who are supportive, interested, and motivated to reduce in costs due to environmental project and activities 69 Appropriate Table 6 shows the Green Training and Development application in Hotel Le Morgane.

Table 6 .
Result of The Questionnaire of Green Training and Development

Table 7 .
Result of the Application of Green Performance Assessment

Table 8 .
Result of the Application of Green Reward and Compensation